The Null Lexical Environment (CLCS)

0Home
1Introduction (Introduction)
- 1.1Scope
  - 1.1.1Scope and Purpose
  - 1.1.2History
- 1.2Organization of the Document
- 1.3Referenced Publications
- 1.4Definitions
  - 1.4.1Notational Conventions
    - 1.4.1.1Font Key
    - 1.4.1.2Modified BNF Syntax
      - 1.4.1.2.1Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax
      - 1.4.1.2.2Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax
      - 1.4.1.2.3Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax
    - 1.4.1.3Special Symbols
    - 1.4.1.4Objects with Multiple Notations
      - 1.4.1.4.1Case in Symbols
      - 1.4.1.4.2Numbers (Objects with Multiple Notations)
      - 1.4.1.4.3Use of the Dot Character
      - 1.4.1.4.4nil (Meaning)
    - 1.4.1.12Designators
    - 1.4.1.13Nonsense Words
  - 1.4.2Error Terminology
  - 1.4.3Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard
  - 1.4.4Interpreting Dictionary Entries
    - 1.4.4.1The "Affected By'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.2The "Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.3The "Arguments and Values'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.4The "Binding Types Affected'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.5The "Class Precedence List'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.6Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers
      - 1.4.4.6.1The "Compound Type Specifier Kind" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      - 1.4.4.6.2The "Compound Type Specifier Syntax" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      - 1.4.4.6.3The "Compound Type Specifier Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
      - 1.4.4.6.4The "Compound Type Specifier Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.7The "Constant Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.8The "Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.9The "Examples'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.10The "Exceptional Situations'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.11The "Initial Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.12The "Argument Precedence Order'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.13The "Method Signature'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.14The "Name'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.15The "Notes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.16The "Pronunciation'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.17The "See Also'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.18The "Side Effects'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.19The "Supertypes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.20The "Syntax'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
      - 1.4.4.20.1Special "Syntax'' Notations for Overloaded Operators
      - 1.4.4.20.2Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters
      - 1.4.4.20.3Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in the "Syntax'' Section
      - 1.4.4.20.4Return values in the "Syntax'' Section
      - 1.4.4.20.5No Arguments or Values in the "Syntax'' Section
      - 1.4.4.20.6Unconditional Transfer of Control in the "Syntax'' Section
    - 1.4.4.21The "Valid Context'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
    - 1.4.4.22The "Value Type'' Section of a Dictionary Entry
- 1.5Conformance
  - 1.5.1Conforming Implementations
    - 1.5.1.1Required Language Features
    - 1.5.1.2Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features
    - 1.5.1.3Documentation of Extensions
    - 1.5.1.4Treatment of Exceptional Situations
    - 1.5.1.5Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations
    - 1.5.1.6Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflict in Exceptional Situations
    - 1.5.1.7Conformance Statement
  - 1.5.2Conforming Programs
    - 1.5.2.1Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features
    - 1.5.2.2Use of Read-Time Conditionals
- 1.6Language Extensions
- 1.7Language Subsets
- 1.8Deprecated Language Features
  - 1.8.1Deprecated Functions
  - 1.8.2Deprecated Argument Conventions
  - 1.8.3Deprecated Variables
  - 1.8.4Deprecated Reader Syntax
- 1.9Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package
2Syntax
- 2.1Character Syntax
  - 2.1.1Readtables
    - 2.1.1.1The Current Readtable
    - 2.1.1.2The Standard Readtable
    - 2.1.1.3The Initial Readtable
  - 2.1.2Variables that affect the Lisp Reader
  - 2.1.3Standard Characters
  - 2.1.4Character Syntax Types
    - 2.1.4.1Constituent Characters
    - 2.1.4.2Constituent Traits
    - 2.1.4.3Invalid Characters
    - 2.1.4.4Macro Characters
    - 2.1.4.5Multiple Escape Characters
    - 2.1.4.6Examples of Multiple Escape Characters
    - 2.1.4.7Single Escape Character
    - 2.1.4.8Examples of Single Escape Characters
    - 2.1.4.9Whitespace Characters
    - 2.1.4.10Examples of Whitespace Characters
- 2.2Reader Algorithm
- 2.3Interpretation of Tokens
  - 2.3.1Numbers as Tokens
    - 2.3.1.1Potential Numbers as Tokens
    - 2.3.1.2Escape Characters and Potential Numbers
    - 2.3.1.3Examples of Potential Numbers
  - 2.3.2Constructing Numbers from Tokens
    - 2.3.2.1Syntax of a Rational
      - 2.3.2.1.1Syntax of an Integer
      - 2.3.2.1.2Syntax of a Ratio
    - 2.3.2.2Syntax of a Float
    - 2.3.2.3Syntax of a Complex
  - 2.3.3The Consing Dot
  - 2.3.4Symbols as Tokens
  - 2.3.5Valid Patterns for Tokens
  - 2.3.6Package System Consistency Rules
- 2.4Standard Macro Characters
  - 2.4.1Left-Parenthesis
  - 2.4.2Right-Parenthesis
  - 2.4.3Single-Quote
    - 2.4.3.1Examples of Single-Quote
  - 2.4.4Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.1Examples of Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.2Notes about Style for Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.3Use of Single Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.4Use of Double Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.5Use of Triple Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.6Use of Quadruple Semicolon
    - 2.4.4.7Examples of Style for Semicolon
  - 2.4.5Double-Quote
  - 2.4.6Backquote
    - 2.4.6.1Notes about Backquote
  - 2.4.7Comma
  - 2.4.8Sharpsign
    - 2.4.8.1Sharpsign Backslash
    - 2.4.8.2Sharpsign Single-Quote
    - 2.4.8.3Sharpsign Left-Parenthesis
    - 2.4.8.4Sharpsign Asterisk
    - 2.4.8.5Examples of Sharpsign Asterisk
    - 2.4.8.6Sharpsign Colon
    - 2.4.8.7Sharpsign Dot
    - 2.4.8.8Sharpsign B
    - 2.4.8.9Sharpsign O
    - 2.4.8.10Sharpsign X
    - 2.4.8.11Sharpsign R
    - 2.4.8.12Sharpsign C
    - 2.4.8.13Sharpsign A
    - 2.4.8.14Sharpsign S
    - 2.4.8.15Sharpsign P
    - 2.4.8.16Sharpsign Equal-Sign
    - 2.4.8.17Sharpsign Sharpsign
    - 2.4.8.18Sharpsign Plus
    - 2.4.8.19Sharpsign Minus
    - 2.4.8.20Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
    - 2.4.8.21Examples of Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
    - 2.4.8.22Notes about Style for Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
    - 2.4.8.23Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
    - 2.4.8.24Sharpsign Whitespace
    - 2.4.8.25Sharpsign Right-Parenthesis
  - 2.4.9Re-Reading Abbreviated Expressions
3Evaluation and Compilation
- 3.1Evaluation
  - 3.1.1Introduction to Environments
    - 3.1.1.1The Global Environment
    - 3.1.1.2Dynamic Environments
    - 3.1.1.3Lexical Environments
    - 3.1.1.4The Null Lexical Environment
    - 3.1.1.5Environment Objects
  - 3.1.2The Evaluation Model
    - 3.1.2.1Form Evaluation
    - 3.1.2.2Symbols as Forms
    - 3.1.2.3Lexical Variables
    - 3.1.2.4Dynamic Variables
    - 3.1.2.5Constant Variables
    - 3.1.2.6Symbols Naming Both Lexical and Dynamic Variables
    - 3.1.2.7Conses as Forms
    - 3.1.2.8Special Forms
    - 3.1.2.9Macro Forms
    - 3.1.2.10Function Forms
    - 3.1.2.11Lambda forms
    - 3.1.2.12Self-Evaluating Objects
    - 3.1.2.13Examples of Self-Evaluating Objects
  - 3.1.3Lambda Expressions
  - 3.1.4Closures and Lexical Binding
  - 3.1.5Shadowing
  - 3.1.6Extent
  - 3.1.7Return Values
- 3.2Compilation
  - 3.2.1Compiler Terminology
  - 3.2.2Compilation Semantics
    - 3.2.2.1Compiler Macros
    - 3.2.2.2Purpose of Compiler Macros
    - 3.2.2.3Naming of Compiler Macros
    - 3.2.2.4When Compiler Macros Are Used
    - 3.2.2.5Notes about the Implementation of Compiler Macros
    - 3.2.2.6Minimal Compilation
    - 3.2.2.7Semantic Constraints
  - 3.2.3File Compilation
    - 3.2.3.1Processing of Top Level Forms
    - 3.2.3.2Processing of Defining Macros
    - 3.2.3.3Constraints on Macros and Compiler Macros
  - 3.2.4Literal Objects in Compiled Files
    - 3.2.4.1Externalizable Objects
    - 3.2.4.2Similarity of Literal Objects
    - 3.2.4.3Similarity of Aggregate Objects
    - 3.2.4.4Definition of Similarity
    - 3.2.4.5Extensions to Similarity Rules
    - 3.2.4.6Additional Constraints on Externalizable Objects
  - 3.2.5Exceptional Situations in the Compiler
- 3.3Declarations
  - 3.3.1Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements
  - 3.3.2Declaration Specifiers
  - 3.3.3Declaration Identifiers
    - 3.3.3.1Shorthand notation for Type Declarations
  - 3.3.4Declaration Scope
    - 3.3.4.1Examples of Declaration Scope
- 3.4Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.1Ordinary Lambda Lists
    - 3.4.1.1Specifiers for the required parameters
    - 3.4.1.2Specifiers for optional parameters
    - 3.4.1.3A specifier for a rest parameter
    - 3.4.1.4Specifiers for keyword parameters
    - 3.4.1.5Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
    - 3.4.1.6Examples of Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
    - 3.4.1.7Specifiers for &aux variables
    - 3.4.1.8Examples of Ordinary Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.2Generic Function Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.3Specialized Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.4Macro Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.5Destructuring Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.6Boa Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.7Defsetf Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.8Deftype Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.9Define-modify-macro Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.10Define-method-combination Arguments Lambda Lists
  - 3.4.11Syntactic Interaction of Documentation Strings and Declarations
- 3.5Error Checking in Function Calls
  - 3.5.1Argument Mismatch Detection
    - 3.5.1.1Safe and Unsafe Calls
    - 3.5.1.2Error Detection Time in Safe Calls
    - 3.5.1.3Too Few Arguments
    - 3.5.1.4Too Many Arguments
    - 3.5.1.5Unrecognized Keyword Arguments
    - 3.5.1.6Invalid Keyword Arguments
    - 3.5.1.7Odd Number of Keyword Arguments
    - 3.5.1.8Destructuring Mismatch
    - 3.5.1.9Errors When Calling a Next Method
- 3.6Traversal Rules and Side Effects
- 3.7Destructive Operations
  - 3.7.1Modification of Literal Objects
  - 3.7.2Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
    - 3.7.2.1Examples of Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
- 3.8Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
  - 3.8.1lambda (Symbol)
  - 3.8.2lambda
  - 3.8.3compile
  - 3.8.4eval
  - 3.8.5eval-when
  - 3.8.6load-time-value
  - 3.8.7quote
  - 3.8.8compiler-macro-function
  - 3.8.9define-compiler-macro
  - 3.8.10defmacro
  - 3.8.11macro-function
  - 3.8.12macroexpand
  - 3.8.13define-symbol-macro
  - 3.8.14symbol-macrolet
  - 3.8.15*macroexpand-hook*
  - 3.8.16proclaim
  - 3.8.17declaim
  - 3.8.18declare
  - 3.8.19ignore
  - 3.8.20dynamic-extent
  - 3.8.21type
  - 3.8.22inline
  - 3.8.23ftype
  - 3.8.24declaration
  - 3.8.25optimize
  - 3.8.26special
  - 3.8.27locally
  - 3.8.28the
  - 3.8.29special-operator-p
  - 3.8.30constantp
4Types and Classes
- 4.1Introduction (Types and Classes)
- 4.2Types
  - 4.2.1Data Type Definition
  - 4.2.2Type Relationships
  - 4.2.3Type Specifiers
- 4.3Classes
  - 4.3.1Introduction to Classes
    - 4.3.1.1Standard Metaclasses
  - 4.3.2Defining Classes
  - 4.3.3Creating Instances of Classes
  - 4.3.4Inheritance
    - 4.3.4.1Examples of Inheritance
    - 4.3.4.2Inheritance of Class Options
  - 4.3.5Determining the Class Precedence List
    - 4.3.5.1Topological Sorting
    - 4.3.5.2Examples of Class Precedence List Determination
  - 4.3.6Redefining Classes
    - 4.3.6.1Modifying the Structure of Instances
    - 4.3.6.2Initializing Newly Added Local Slots (Redefining Classes)
    - 4.3.6.3Customizing Class Redefinition
  - 4.3.7Integrating Types and Classes
- 4.4Types and Classes Dictionary
  - 4.4.1nil (Type)
  - 4.4.2boolean
  - 4.4.3function (System Class)
  - 4.4.4compiled-function
  - 4.4.5generic-function
  - 4.4.6standard-generic-function
  - 4.4.7class
  - 4.4.8built-in-class
  - 4.4.9structure-class
  - 4.4.10standard-class
  - 4.4.11method
  - 4.4.12standard-method
  - 4.4.13structure-object
  - 4.4.14standard-object
  - 4.4.15method-combination
  - 4.4.16t (System Class)
  - 4.4.17satisfies
  - 4.4.18member
  - 4.4.19not (Type Specifier)
  - 4.4.20and (Type Specifier)
  - 4.4.21or (Type Specifier)
  - 4.4.22values (Type Specifier)
  - 4.4.23eql (Type Specifier)
  - 4.4.24coerce
  - 4.4.25deftype
  - 4.4.26subtypep
  - 4.4.27type-of
  - 4.4.28typep
  - 4.4.29type-error
  - 4.4.30type-error-datum
  - 4.4.31simple-type-error
5Data and Control Flow
- 5.1Generalized Reference
  - 5.1.1Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
    - 5.1.1.1Evaluation of Subforms to Places
    - 5.1.1.2Examples of Evaluation of Subforms to Places
    - 5.1.1.3Setf Expansions
    - 5.1.1.4Examples of Setf Expansions
  - 5.1.2Kinds of Places
    - 5.1.2.1Variable Names as Places
    - 5.1.2.2Function Call Forms as Places
    - 5.1.2.3VALUES Forms as Places
    - 5.1.2.4THE Forms as Places
    - 5.1.2.5APPLY Forms as Places
    - 5.1.2.6Setf Expansions and Places
    - 5.1.2.7Macro Forms as Places
    - 5.1.2.8Symbol Macros as Places
    - 5.1.2.9Other Compound Forms as Places
  - 5.1.3Treatment of Other Macros Based on SETF
- 5.2Transfer of Control to an Exit Point
- 5.3Data and Control Flow Dictionary
  - 5.3.1apply
  - 5.3.2defun
  - 5.3.3fdefinition
  - 5.3.4fboundp
  - 5.3.5fmakunbound
  - 5.3.6flet
  - 5.3.7funcall
  - 5.3.8function (Special Operator)
  - 5.3.9function-lambda-expression
  - 5.3.10functionp
  - 5.3.11compiled-function-p
  - 5.3.12call-arguments-limit
  - 5.3.13lambda-list-keywords
  - 5.3.14lambda-parameters-limit
  - 5.3.15defconstant
  - 5.3.16defparameter
  - 5.3.17destructuring-bind
  - 5.3.18let
  - 5.3.19progv
  - 5.3.20setq
  - 5.3.21psetq
  - 5.3.22block
  - 5.3.23catch
  - 5.3.24go
  - 5.3.25return-from
  - 5.3.26return
  - 5.3.27tagbody
  - 5.3.28throw
  - 5.3.29unwind-protect
  - 5.3.30nil (Constant Variable)
  - 5.3.31not
  - 5.3.32t
  - 5.3.33eq
  - 5.3.34eql
  - 5.3.35equal
  - 5.3.36equalp
  - 5.3.37identity
  - 5.3.38complement
  - 5.3.39constantly
  - 5.3.40every
  - 5.3.41and
  - 5.3.42cond
  - 5.3.43if
  - 5.3.44or
  - 5.3.45when
  - 5.3.46case
  - 5.3.47typecase
  - 5.3.48multiple-value-bind
  - 5.3.49multiple-value-call
  - 5.3.50multiple-value-list
  - 5.3.51multiple-value-prog1
  - 5.3.52multiple-value-setq
  - 5.3.53values
  - 5.3.54values-list
  - 5.3.55multiple-values-limit
  - 5.3.56nth-value
  - 5.3.57prog
  - 5.3.58prog1
  - 5.3.59progn
  - 5.3.60define-modify-macro
  - 5.3.61defsetf
  - 5.3.62define-setf-expander
  - 5.3.63get-setf-expansion
  - 5.3.64setf
  - 5.3.65shiftf
  - 5.3.66rotatef
  - 5.3.67control-error
  - 5.3.68program-error
  - 5.3.69undefined-function
6Iteration
- 6.1The LOOP Facility
  - 6.1.1Overview of the Loop Facility
    - 6.1.1.1Simple vs Extended Loop
      - 6.1.1.1.1Simple Loop
      - 6.1.1.1.2Extended Loop
    - 6.1.1.2Loop Keywords
    - 6.1.1.3Parsing Loop Clauses
    - 6.1.1.4Expanding Loop Forms
    - 6.1.1.5Summary of Loop Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.1Summary of Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.2Summary of Value Accumulation Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.3Summary of Termination Test Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.4Summary of Unconditional Execution Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.5Summary of Conditional Execution Clauses
      - 6.1.1.5.6Summary of Miscellaneous Clauses
    - 6.1.1.6Order of Execution
    - 6.1.1.7Destructuring
    - 6.1.1.8Restrictions on Side-Effects
  - 6.1.2Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
    - 6.1.2.1Iteration Control
    - 6.1.2.2The for-as-arithmetic subclause
    - 6.1.2.3Examples of for-as-arithmetic subclause
    - 6.1.2.4The for-as-in-list subclause
    - 6.1.2.5Examples of for-as-in-list subclause
    - 6.1.2.6The for-as-on-list subclause
    - 6.1.2.7Examples of for-as-on-list subclause
    - 6.1.2.8The for-as-equals-then subclause
    - 6.1.2.9Examples of for-as-equals-then subclause
    - 6.1.2.10The for-as-across subclause
    - 6.1.2.11Examples of for-as-across subclause
    - 6.1.2.12The for-as-hash subclause
    - 6.1.2.13The for-as-package subclause
    - 6.1.2.14Examples of for-as-package subclause
    - 6.1.2.15Local Variable Initializations
    - 6.1.2.16Examples of WITH clause
  - 6.1.3Value Accumulation Clauses
    - 6.1.3.1Examples of COLLECT clause
    - 6.1.3.2Examples of APPEND and NCONC clauses
    - 6.1.3.3Examples of COUNT clause
    - 6.1.3.4Examples of MAXIMIZE and MINIMIZE clauses
    - 6.1.3.5Examples of SUM clause
  - 6.1.4Termination Test Clauses
    - 6.1.4.1Examples of REPEAT clause
    - 6.1.4.2Examples of ALWAYS
    - 6.1.4.3Examples of WHILE and UNTIL clauses
  - 6.1.5Unconditional Execution Clauses
    - 6.1.5.1Examples of unconditional execution
  - 6.1.6Conditional Execution Clauses
    - 6.1.6.1Examples of WHEN clause
  - 6.1.7Miscellaneous Clauses
    - 6.1.7.1Control Transfer Clauses
    - 6.1.7.2Examples of NAMED clause
    - 6.1.7.3Initial and Final Execution
  - 6.1.8Examples of Miscellaneous Loop Features
    - 6.1.8.1Examples of clause grouping
  - 6.1.9Notes about Loop
- 6.2Iteration Dictionary
  - 6.2.1do
  - 6.2.2dotimes
  - 6.2.3dolist
  - 6.2.4loop
  - 6.2.5loop-finish
7Objects
- 7.1Object Creation and Initialization
- 7.2Changing the Class of an Instance
- 7.3Reinitializing an Instance
  - 7.3.1Customizing Reinitialization
- 7.4Meta-Objects
  - 7.4.1Standard Meta-objects
- 7.5Slots
  - 7.5.1Introduction to Slots
  - 7.5.2Accessing Slots
  - 7.5.3Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options
- 7.6Generic Functions and Methods
- 7.7Objects Dictionary
  - 7.7.1function-keywords
  - 7.7.2ensure-generic-function
  - 7.7.3allocate-instance
  - 7.7.4reinitialize-instance
  - 7.7.5shared-initialize
  - 7.7.6update-instance-for-different-class
  - 7.7.7update-instance-for-redefined-class
  - 7.7.8change-class
  - 7.7.9slot-boundp
  - 7.7.10slot-exists-p
  - 7.7.11slot-makunbound
  - 7.7.12slot-missing
  - 7.7.13slot-unbound
  - 7.7.14slot-value
  - 7.7.15method-qualifiers
  - 7.7.16no-applicable-method
  - 7.7.17no-next-method
  - 7.7.18remove-method
  - 7.7.19make-instance
  - 7.7.20make-instances-obsolete
  - 7.7.21make-load-form
  - 7.7.22make-load-form-saving-slots
  - 7.7.23with-accessors
  - 7.7.24with-slots
  - 7.7.25defclass
  - 7.7.26defgeneric
  - 7.7.27defmethod
  - 7.7.28find-class
  - 7.7.29next-method-p
  - 7.7.30call-method
  - 7.7.31call-next-method
  - 7.7.32compute-applicable-methods
  - 7.7.33define-method-combination
  - 7.7.34find-method
  - 7.7.35add-method
  - 7.7.36initialize-instance
  - 7.7.37class-name
  - 7.7.38(setf class-name)
  - 7.7.39class-of
  - 7.7.40unbound-slot
  - 7.7.41unbound-slot-instance
8Structures
- 8.1Structures Dictionary
  - 8.1.1defstruct
  - 8.1.2copy-structure
9Conditions
- 9.1Condition System Concepts
  - 9.1.1Condition Types
    - 9.1.1.1Serious Conditions
  - 9.1.2Creating Conditions
    - 9.1.2.1Condition Designators
  - 9.1.3Printing Conditions
    - 9.1.3.1Recommended Style in Condition Reporting
    - 9.1.3.2Capitalization and Punctuation in Condition Reports
    - 9.1.3.3Leading and Trailing Newlines in Condition Reports
    - 9.1.3.4Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
    - 9.1.3.5Note about Tabs in Condition Reports
    - 9.1.3.6Mentioning Containing Function in Condition Reports
  - 9.1.4Signaling and Handling Conditions
    - 9.1.4.1Signaling
    - 9.1.4.2Resignaling a Condition
    - 9.1.4.3Restarts
    - 9.1.4.4Interactive Use of Restarts
    - 9.1.4.5Interfaces to Restarts
    - 9.1.4.6Restart Tests
    - 9.1.4.7Associating a Restart with a Condition
  - 9.1.5Assertions
  - 9.1.6Notes about the Condition System's Background
- 9.2Conditions Dictionary
  - 9.2.1condition
  - 9.2.2warning
  - 9.2.3style-warning
  - 9.2.4serious-condition
  - 9.2.5error (Condition Type)
  - 9.2.6cell-error
  - 9.2.7cell-error-name
  - 9.2.8parse-error
  - 9.2.9storage-condition
  - 9.2.10assert
  - 9.2.11error
  - 9.2.12cerror
  - 9.2.13check-type
  - 9.2.14simple-error
  - 9.2.15invalid-method-error
  - 9.2.16method-combination-error
  - 9.2.17signal
  - 9.2.18simple-condition
  - 9.2.19simple-condition-format-control
  - 9.2.20warn
  - 9.2.21simple-warning
  - 9.2.22invoke-debugger
  - 9.2.23break
  - 9.2.24*debugger-hook*
  - 9.2.25*break-on-signals*
  - 9.2.26handler-bind
  - 9.2.27handler-case
  - 9.2.28ignore-errors
  - 9.2.29define-condition
  - 9.2.30make-condition
  - 9.2.31restart
  - 9.2.32compute-restarts
  - 9.2.33find-restart
  - 9.2.34invoke-restart
  - 9.2.35invoke-restart-interactively
  - 9.2.36restart-bind
  - 9.2.37restart-case
  - 9.2.38restart-name
  - 9.2.39with-condition-restarts
  - 9.2.40with-simple-restart
  - 9.2.41abort
  - 9.2.42continue
  - 9.2.43muffle-warning
  - 9.2.44store-value
  - 9.2.45use-value
  - 9.2.46use-value
10Symbols
- 10.1Symbol Concepts
- 10.2Symbols Dictionary
  - 10.2.1symbol
  - 10.2.2keyword
  - 10.2.3symbolp
  - 10.2.4keywordp
  - 10.2.5make-symbol
  - 10.2.6copy-symbol
  - 10.2.7gensym
  - 10.2.8*gensym-counter*
  - 10.2.9gentemp
  - 10.2.10symbol-function
  - 10.2.11symbol-name
  - 10.2.12symbol-package
  - 10.2.13symbol-plist
  - 10.2.14symbol-value
  - 10.2.15get
  - 10.2.16remprop
  - 10.2.17boundp
  - 10.2.18makunbound
  - 10.2.19set
  - 10.2.20unbound-variable
11Packages
- 11.1Package Concepts
  - 11.1.1Introduction to Packages
    - 11.1.1.1Package Names and Nicknames
    - 11.1.1.2Symbols in a Package
    - 11.1.1.3Internal and External Symbols
    - 11.1.1.4Package Inheritance
    - 11.1.1.5Accessibility of Symbols in a Package
    - 11.1.1.6Locating a Symbol in a Package
    - 11.1.1.7Prevention of Name Conflicts in Packages
  - 11.1.2Standardized Packages
    - 11.1.2.1The COMMON-LISP Package
    - 11.1.2.2Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Implementations
    - 11.1.2.3Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
    - 11.1.2.4Some Exceptions to Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
    - 11.1.2.5The COMMON-LISP-USER Package
    - 11.1.2.6The KEYWORD Package
    - 11.1.2.7Interning a Symbol in the KEYWORD Package
    - 11.1.2.8Notes about The KEYWORD Package
    - 11.1.2.9Implementation-Defined Packages
- 11.2Packages Dictionary
  - 11.2.1package
  - 11.2.2export
  - 11.2.3find-symbol
  - 11.2.4find-package
  - 11.2.5find-all-symbols
  - 11.2.6import
  - 11.2.7list-all-packages
  - 11.2.8rename-package
  - 11.2.9shadow
  - 11.2.10shadowing-import
  - 11.2.11delete-package
  - 11.2.12make-package
  - 11.2.13with-package-iterator
  - 11.2.14unexport
  - 11.2.15unintern
  - 11.2.16in-package
  - 11.2.17unuse-package
  - 11.2.18use-package
  - 11.2.19defpackage
  - 11.2.20do-symbols
  - 11.2.21intern
  - 11.2.22package-name
  - 11.2.23package-nicknames
  - 11.2.24package-shadowing-symbols
  - 11.2.25package-use-list
  - 11.2.26package-used-by-list
  - 11.2.27packagep
  - 11.2.28*package*
  - 11.2.29package-error
  - 11.2.30package-error-package
12Numbers (Numbers)
- 12.1Number Concepts
  - 12.1.1Numeric Operations
    - 12.1.1.1Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
    - 12.1.1.2Examples of Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
    - 12.1.1.3Contagion in Numeric Operations
    - 12.1.1.4Viewing Integers as Bits and Bytes
    - 12.1.1.5Logical Operations on Integers
    - 12.1.1.6Byte Operations on Integers
  - 12.1.2Implementation-Dependent Numeric Constants
  - 12.1.3Rational Computations
    - 12.1.3.1Rule of Unbounded Rational Precision
    - 12.1.3.2Rule of Canonical Representation for Rationals
    - 12.1.3.3Rule of Float Substitutability
  - 12.1.4Floating-point Computations
    - 12.1.4.1Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    - 12.1.4.2Examples of Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    - 12.1.4.3Rule of Float Approximation
    - 12.1.4.4Rule of Float Underflow and Overflow
    - 12.1.4.5Rule of Float Precision Contagion
  - 12.1.5Complex Computations
    - 12.1.5.1Rule of Complex Substitutability
    - 12.1.5.2Rule of Complex Contagion
    - 12.1.5.3Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    - 12.1.5.4Examples of Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    - 12.1.5.5Principal Values and Branch Cuts
  - 12.1.6Interval Designators
  - 12.1.7Random-State Operations
- 12.2Numbers Dictionary
  - 12.2.1number
  - 12.2.2complex (System Class)
  - 12.2.3real
  - 12.2.4float (System Class)
  - 12.2.5short-float
  - 12.2.6rational
  - 12.2.7ratio
  - 12.2.8integer
  - 12.2.9signed-byte
  - 12.2.10unsigned-byte
  - 12.2.11mod (Type Specifier)
  - 12.2.12bit
  - 12.2.13fixnum
  - 12.2.14bignum
  - 12.2.15=
  - 12.2.16max
  - 12.2.17minusp
  - 12.2.18zerop
  - 12.2.19floor
  - 12.2.20sin
  - 12.2.21asin
  - 12.2.22pi
  - 12.2.23sinh
  - 12.2.24*
  - 12.2.25+
  - 12.2.26-
  - 12.2.27/
  - 12.2.281+
  - 12.2.29abs
  - 12.2.30evenp
  - 12.2.31exp
  - 12.2.32gcd
  - 12.2.33incf
  - 12.2.34lcm
  - 12.2.35log
  - 12.2.36rem
  - 12.2.37signum
  - 12.2.38sqrt
  - 12.2.39random-state
  - 12.2.40make-random-state
  - 12.2.41random
  - 12.2.42random-state-p
  - 12.2.43*random-state*
  - 12.2.44numberp
  - 12.2.45cis
  - 12.2.46complex
  - 12.2.47complexp
  - 12.2.48conjugate
  - 12.2.49phase
  - 12.2.50realpart
  - 12.2.51upgraded-complex-part-type
  - 12.2.52realp
  - 12.2.53numerator
  - 12.2.54rationalize
  - 12.2.55rationalp
  - 12.2.56ash
  - 12.2.57integer-length
  - 12.2.58integerp
  - 12.2.59parse-integer
  - 12.2.60boole
  - 12.2.61boole-1
  - 12.2.62logand
  - 12.2.63logbitp
  - 12.2.64logcount
  - 12.2.65logtest
  - 12.2.66byte
  - 12.2.67deposit-field
  - 12.2.68dpb
  - 12.2.69ldb
  - 12.2.70ldb-test
  - 12.2.71mask-field
  - 12.2.72most-positive-fixnum
  - 12.2.73decode-float
  - 12.2.74float
  - 12.2.75floatp
  - 12.2.76most-positive-short-float
  - 12.2.77short-float-epsilon
  - 12.2.78arithmetic-error
  - 12.2.79arithmetic-error-operands
  - 12.2.80division-by-zero
  - 12.2.81floating-point-invalid-operation
  - 12.2.82floating-point-inexact
  - 12.2.83floating-point-overflow
  - 12.2.84floating-point-underflow
13Characters
- 13.1Character Concepts
  - 13.1.1Introduction to Characters
  - 13.1.2Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires
    - 13.1.2.1Character Scripts
    - 13.1.2.2Character Repertoires
  - 13.1.3Character Attributes
  - 13.1.4Character Categories
    - 13.1.4.1Graphic Characters
    - 13.1.4.2Alphabetic Characters
    - 13.1.4.3Characters With Case
    - 13.1.4.4Uppercase Characters
    - 13.1.4.5Lowercase Characters
    - 13.1.4.6Corresponding Characters in the Other Case
    - 13.1.4.7Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
    - 13.1.4.8Numeric Characters
    - 13.1.4.9Alphanumeric Characters
    - 13.1.4.10Digits in a Radix
  - 13.1.5Identity of Characters
  - 13.1.6Ordering of Characters
  - 13.1.7Character Names
  - 13.1.8Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
  - 13.1.9Character Encodings
  - 13.1.10Documentation of Implementation-Defined Scripts
- 13.2Characters Dictionary
  - 13.2.1character (System Class)
  - 13.2.2base-char
  - 13.2.3standard-char
  - 13.2.4extended-char
  - 13.2.5char=
  - 13.2.6character
  - 13.2.7characterp
  - 13.2.8alpha-char-p
  - 13.2.9alphanumericp
  - 13.2.10digit-char
  - 13.2.11digit-char-p
  - 13.2.12graphic-char-p
  - 13.2.13standard-char-p
  - 13.2.14char-upcase
  - 13.2.15upper-case-p
  - 13.2.16char-code
  - 13.2.17char-int
  - 13.2.18code-char
  - 13.2.19char-code-limit
  - 13.2.20char-name
  - 13.2.21name-char
14Conses
- 14.1Cons Concepts
  - 14.1.1Conses as Trees
    - 14.1.1.1General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Trees
  - 14.1.2Conses as Lists
    - 14.1.2.1Lists as Association Lists
    - 14.1.2.2Lists as Sets
    - 14.1.2.3General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Lists
- 14.2Conses Dictionary
  - 14.2.1list
  - 14.2.2null (System Class)
  - 14.2.3cons (System Class)
  - 14.2.4atom (Type)
  - 14.2.5cons
  - 14.2.6consp
  - 14.2.7atom
  - 14.2.8rplaca
  - 14.2.9car
  - 14.2.10copy-tree
  - 14.2.11sublis
  - 14.2.12subst
  - 14.2.13tree-equal
  - 14.2.14copy-list
  - 14.2.15list*
  - 14.2.16list-length
  - 14.2.17listp
  - 14.2.18make-list
  - 14.2.19push
  - 14.2.20pop
  - 14.2.21first
  - 14.2.22nth
  - 14.2.23endp
  - 14.2.24null
  - 14.2.25nconc
  - 14.2.26append
  - 14.2.27revappend
  - 14.2.28butlast
  - 14.2.29last
  - 14.2.30ldiff
  - 14.2.31nthcdr
  - 14.2.32rest
  - 14.2.33member-if-not
  - 14.2.34mapc
  - 14.2.35acons
  - 14.2.36assoc
  - 14.2.37copy-alist
  - 14.2.38pairlis
  - 14.2.39rassoc
  - 14.2.40get-properties
  - 14.2.41getf
  - 14.2.42remf
  - 14.2.43intersection
  - 14.2.44adjoin
  - 14.2.45pushnew
  - 14.2.46set-difference
  - 14.2.47set-exclusive-or
  - 14.2.48subsetp
  - 14.2.49union
15Arrays
- 15.1Array Concepts
  - 15.1.1Array Elements
    - 15.1.1.1Array Indices
    - 15.1.1.2Array Dimensions
      - 15.1.1.2.1Implementation Limits on Individual Array Dimensions
    - 15.1.1.4Array Rank
      - 15.1.1.3.1Vectors
        15.1.1.3.1.1Fill Pointers
      - 15.1.1.3.2Multidimensional Arrays
        15.1.1.3.2.1Storage Layout for Multidimensional Arrays
        15.1.1.3.2.2Implementation Limits on Array Rank
  - 15.1.2Specialized Arrays
    - 15.1.2.1Array Upgrading
    - 15.1.2.2Required Kinds of Specialized Arrays
- 15.2Arrays Dictionary
  - 15.2.1array
  - 15.2.2simple-array
  - 15.2.3vector (System Class)
  - 15.2.4simple-vector
  - 15.2.5bit-vector
  - 15.2.6simple-bit-vector
  - 15.2.7make-array
  - 15.2.8adjust-array
  - 15.2.9adjustable-array-p
  - 15.2.10aref
  - 15.2.11array-dimension
  - 15.2.12array-dimensions
  - 15.2.13array-element-type
  - 15.2.14array-has-fill-pointer-p
  - 15.2.15array-displacement
  - 15.2.16array-in-bounds-p
  - 15.2.17array-rank
  - 15.2.18array-row-major-index
  - 15.2.19array-total-size
  - 15.2.20arrayp
  - 15.2.21fill-pointer
  - 15.2.22row-major-aref
  - 15.2.23upgraded-array-element-type
  - 15.2.24array-dimension-limit
  - 15.2.25array-rank-limit
  - 15.2.26array-total-size-limit
  - 15.2.27simple-vector-p
  - 15.2.28svref
  - 15.2.29vector
  - 15.2.30vector-pop
  - 15.2.31vector-push
  - 15.2.32vectorp
  - 15.2.33sbit
  - 15.2.34bit-and
  - 15.2.35bit-vector-p
  - 15.2.36simple-bit-vector-p
16Strings
- 16.1String Concepts
  - 16.1.1Implications of Strings Being Arrays
  - 16.1.2Subtypes of STRING
- 16.2Strings Dictionary
  - 16.2.1string (System Class)
  - 16.2.2base-string
  - 16.2.3simple-string
  - 16.2.4simple-base-string
  - 16.2.5simple-string-p
  - 16.2.6char
  - 16.2.7string
  - 16.2.8string-upcase
  - 16.2.9string-trim
  - 16.2.10string=
  - 16.2.11stringp
  - 16.2.12make-string
17Sequences
- 17.1Sequence Concepts
  - 17.1.1General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Sequences
- 17.2Rules about Test Functions
  - 17.2.1Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
    - 17.2.1.1Examples of Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
  - 17.2.2Satisfying a One-Argument Test
    - 17.2.2.1Examples of Satisfying a One-Argument Test
- 17.3Sequences Dictionary
  - 17.3.1sequence
  - 17.3.2copy-seq
  - 17.3.3elt
  - 17.3.4fill
  - 17.3.5make-sequence
  - 17.3.6subseq
  - 17.3.7map
  - 17.3.8map-into
  - 17.3.9reduce
  - 17.3.10count
  - 17.3.11length
  - 17.3.12reverse
  - 17.3.13sort
  - 17.3.14find
  - 17.3.15position
  - 17.3.16search
  - 17.3.17mismatch
  - 17.3.18replace
  - 17.3.19substitute
  - 17.3.20concatenate
  - 17.3.21merge
  - 17.3.22remove
  - 17.3.23remove-duplicates
18Hash Tables
- 18.1Hash Table Concepts
  - 18.1.1Hash-Table Operations
  - 18.1.2Modifying Hash Table Keys
- 18.2Hash Tables Dictionary
  - 18.2.1hash-table
  - 18.2.2make-hash-table
  - 18.2.3hash-table-p
  - 18.2.4hash-table-count
  - 18.2.5hash-table-rehash-size
  - 18.2.6hash-table-rehash-threshold
  - 18.2.7hash-table-size
  - 18.2.8hash-table-test
  - 18.2.9gethash
  - 18.2.10remhash
  - 18.2.11maphash
  - 18.2.12with-hash-table-iterator
  - 18.2.13clrhash
  - 18.2.14sxhash
19Filenames
- 19.1Overview of Filenames
  - 19.1.1Namestrings as Filenames
  - 19.1.2Pathnames as Filenames
  - 19.1.3Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames
- 19.2Pathnames
  - 19.2.1Pathname Components
    - 19.2.1.1The Pathname Host Component
    - 19.2.1.2The Pathname Device Component
    - 19.2.1.3The Pathname Directory Component
    - 19.2.1.4The Pathname Name Component
    - 19.2.1.5The Pathname Type Component
    - 19.2.1.6The Pathname Version Component
  - 19.2.2Interpreting Pathname Component Values
    - 19.2.2.1Strings in Component Values
    - 19.2.2.2Special Characters in Pathname Components
    - 19.2.2.3Case in Pathname Components
    - 19.2.2.4Local Case in Pathname Components
    - 19.2.2.5Common Case in Pathname Components
    - 19.2.2.6Special Pathname Component Values
    - 19.2.2.7NIL as a Component Value
    - 19.2.2.8->WILD as a Component Value
    - 19.2.2.9->UNSPECIFIC as a Component Value
    - 19.2.2.10Relation between component values NIL and ->UNSPECIFIC
    - 19.2.2.11Restrictions on Wildcard Pathnames
    - 19.2.2.12Restrictions on Examining Pathname Components
    - 19.2.2.13Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Host Component
    - 19.2.2.14Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Device Component
    - 19.2.2.15Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Directory Component
    - 19.2.2.16Directory Components in Non-Hierarchical File Systems
    - 19.2.2.17Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Name Component
    - 19.2.2.18Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Type Component
    - 19.2.2.19Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Version Component
    - 19.2.2.20Notes about the Pathname Version Component
    - 19.2.2.21Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames
  - 19.2.3Merging Pathnames
    - 19.2.3.1Examples of Merging Pathnames
- 19.3Logical Pathnames
  - 19.3.1Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings
    - 19.3.1.1Additional Information about Parsing Logical Pathname Namestrings
    - 19.3.1.2The Host part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.3The Device part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.4The Directory part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.5The Type part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.6The Version part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.7Wildcard Words in a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.8Lowercase Letters in a Logical Pathname Namestring
    - 19.3.1.9Other Syntax in a Logical Pathname Namestring
  - 19.3.2Logical Pathname Components
    - 19.3.2.1Unspecific Components of a Logical Pathname
    - 19.3.2.2Null Strings as Components of a Logical Pathname
- 19.4Filenames Dictionary
  - 19.4.1pathname (System Class)
  - 19.4.2logical-pathname (System Class)
  - 19.4.3pathname
  - 19.4.4make-pathname
  - 19.4.5pathnamep
  - 19.4.6pathname-host
  - 19.4.7load-logical-pathname-translations
  - 19.4.8logical-pathname-translations
  - 19.4.9logical-pathname
  - 19.4.10*default-pathname-defaults*
  - 19.4.11namestring
  - 19.4.12parse-namestring
  - 19.4.13wild-pathname-p
  - 19.4.14pathname-match-p
  - 19.4.15translate-logical-pathname
  - 19.4.16translate-pathname
  - 19.4.17merge-pathnames
20Files
- 20.1File System Concepts
  - 20.1.1Coercion of Streams to Pathnames
  - 20.1.2File Operations on Open and Closed Streams
  - 20.1.3Truenames
    - 20.1.3.1Examples of Truenames
- 20.2Files Dictionary
  - 20.2.1directory
  - 20.2.2probe-file
  - 20.2.3ensure-directories-exist
  - 20.2.4truename
  - 20.2.5file-author
  - 20.2.6file-write-date
  - 20.2.7rename-file
  - 20.2.8delete-file
  - 20.2.9file-error
  - 20.2.10file-error-pathname
21Streams
- 21.1Stream Concepts
  - 21.1.1Introduction to Streams
    - 21.1.1.1Abstract Classifications of Streams (Introduction to Streams)
    - 21.1.1.2Input
    - 21.1.1.3Open and Closed Streams
    - 21.1.1.4Interactive Streams
    - 21.1.1.5Abstract Classifications of Streams
    - 21.1.1.6File Streams
    - 21.1.1.7Other Subclasses of Stream
  - 21.1.2Stream Variables
  - 21.1.3Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions
  - 21.1.4Restrictions on Composite Streams
- 21.2Streams Dictionary
  - 21.2.1stream
  - 21.2.2broadcast-stream
  - 21.2.3concatenated-stream
  - 21.2.4echo-stream
  - 21.2.5file-stream
  - 21.2.6string-stream
  - 21.2.7synonym-stream
  - 21.2.8two-way-stream
  - 21.2.9input-stream-p
  - 21.2.10interactive-stream-p
  - 21.2.11open-stream-p
  - 21.2.12stream-element-type
  - 21.2.13streamp
  - 21.2.14read-byte
  - 21.2.15write-byte
  - 21.2.16peek-char
  - 21.2.17read-char
  - 21.2.18read-char-no-hang
  - 21.2.19terpri
  - 21.2.20unread-char
  - 21.2.21write-char
  - 21.2.22read-line
  - 21.2.23write-string
  - 21.2.24read-sequence
  - 21.2.25write-sequence
  - 21.2.26file-length
  - 21.2.27file-position
  - 21.2.28file-string-length
  - 21.2.29open
  - 21.2.30stream-external-format
  - 21.2.31with-open-file
  - 21.2.32close
  - 21.2.33with-open-stream
  - 21.2.34listen
  - 21.2.35clear-input
  - 21.2.36finish-output
  - 21.2.37y-or-n-p
  - 21.2.38make-synonym-stream
  - 21.2.39synonym-stream-symbol
  - 21.2.40broadcast-stream-streams
  - 21.2.41make-broadcast-stream
  - 21.2.42make-two-way-stream
  - 21.2.43two-way-stream-input-stream
  - 21.2.44echo-stream-input-stream
  - 21.2.45make-echo-stream
  - 21.2.46concatenated-stream-streams
  - 21.2.47make-concatenated-stream
  - 21.2.48get-output-stream-string
  - 21.2.49make-string-input-stream
  - 21.2.50make-string-output-stream
  - 21.2.51with-input-from-string
  - 21.2.52with-output-to-string
  - 21.2.53*debug-io*
  - 21.2.54*terminal-io*
  - 21.2.55stream-error
  - 21.2.56stream-error-stream
  - 21.2.57end-of-file
22Printer
- 22.1The Lisp Printer
  - 22.1.1Overview of The Lisp Printer
    - 22.1.1.1Multiple Possible Textual Representations
    - 22.1.1.2Printer Escaping
  - 22.1.2Printer Dispatching
  - 22.1.3Default Print-Object Methods
    - 22.1.3.1Printing Numbers
    - 22.1.3.2Printing Integers
    - 22.1.3.3Printing Ratios
    - 22.1.3.4Printing Floats
    - 22.1.3.5Printing Complexes
    - 22.1.3.6Note about Printing Numbers
    - 22.1.3.7Printing Characters
    - 22.1.3.8Printing Symbols
    - 22.1.3.9Package Prefixes for Symbols
    - 22.1.3.10Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
    - 22.1.3.11Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
    - 22.1.3.12Printing Strings
    - 22.1.3.13Printing Lists and Conses
    - 22.1.3.14Printing Bit Vectors
    - 22.1.3.15Printing Other Vectors
    - 22.1.3.16Printing Other Arrays
    - 22.1.3.17Examples of Printing Arrays
    - 22.1.3.18Printing Random States
    - 22.1.3.19Printing Pathnames
    - 22.1.3.20Printing Structures
    - 22.1.3.21Printing Other Objects
  - 22.1.4Examples of Printer Behavior
- 22.2The Lisp Pretty Printer
  - 22.2.1Pretty Printer Concepts
    - 22.2.1.1Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output
    - 22.2.1.2Format Directive Interface
    - 22.2.1.3Compiling Format Strings
    - 22.2.1.4Pretty Print Dispatch Tables
    - 22.2.1.5Pretty Printer Margins
  - 22.2.2Examples of using the Pretty Printer
  - 22.2.3Notes about the Pretty Printer's Background
- 22.3Formatted Output
  - 22.3.1FORMAT Basic Output
    - 22.3.1.1Tilde C-> Character
    - 22.3.1.2Tilde Percent-> Newline
    - 22.3.1.3Tilde Ampersand-> Fresh-Line
    - 22.3.1.4Tilde Vertical-Bar-> Page
    - 22.3.1.5Tilde Tilde-> Tilde
  - 22.3.2FORMAT Radix Control
    - 22.3.2.1Tilde R-> Radix
    - 22.3.2.2Tilde D-> Decimal
    - 22.3.2.3Tilde B-> Binary
    - 22.3.2.4Tilde O-> Octal
    - 22.3.2.5Tilde X-> Hexadecimal
  - 22.3.3FORMAT Floating-Point Printers
    - 22.3.3.1Tilde F-> Fixed-Format Floating-Point
    - 22.3.3.2Tilde E-> Exponential Floating-Point
    - 22.3.3.3Tilde G-> General Floating-Point
    - 22.3.3.4Tilde Dollarsign-> Monetary Floating-Point
  - 22.3.4FORMAT Printer Operations
    - 22.3.4.1Tilde A-> Aesthetic
    - 22.3.4.2Tilde S-> Standard
    - 22.3.4.3Tilde W-> Write
  - 22.3.5FORMAT Pretty Printer Operations
    - 22.3.5.1Tilde Underscore-> Conditional Newline
    - 22.3.5.2Tilde Less-Than-Sign-> Logical Block
    - 22.3.5.3Tilde I-> Indent
    - 22.3.5.4Tilde Slash-> Call Function
  - 22.3.6FORMAT Layout Control
    - 22.3.6.1Tilde T-> Tabulate
    - 22.3.6.2Tilde Less-Than-Sign-> Justification
    - 22.3.6.3Tilde Greater-Than-Sign-> End of Justification
  - 22.3.7FORMAT Control-Flow Operations
    - 22.3.7.1Tilde Asterisk-> Go-To
    - 22.3.7.2Tilde Left-Bracket-> Conditional Expression
    - 22.3.7.3Tilde Right-Bracket-> End of Conditional Expression
    - 22.3.7.4Tilde Left-Brace-> Iteration
    - 22.3.7.5Tilde Right-Brace-> End of Iteration
    - 22.3.7.6Tilde Question-Mark-> Recursive Processing
  - 22.3.8FORMAT Miscellaneous Operations
    - 22.3.8.1Tilde Left-Paren-> Case Conversion
    - 22.3.8.2Tilde Right-Paren-> End of Case Conversion
    - 22.3.8.3Tilde P-> Plural
  - 22.3.9FORMAT Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
    - 22.3.9.1Tilde Semicolon-> Clause Separator
    - 22.3.9.2Tilde Circumflex-> Escape Upward
    - 22.3.9.3Tilde Newline-> Ignored Newline
  - 22.3.10Additional Information about FORMAT Operations
    - 22.3.10.1Nesting of FORMAT Operations
    - 22.3.10.2Missing and Additional FORMAT Arguments
    - 22.3.10.3Additional FORMAT Parameters
    - 22.3.10.4Undefined FORMAT Modifier Combinations
  - 22.3.11Examples of FORMAT
  - 22.3.12Notes about FORMAT
- 22.4Printer Dictionary
  - 22.4.1copy-pprint-dispatch
  - 22.4.2formatter
  - 22.4.3pprint-dispatch
  - 22.4.4pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted
  - 22.4.5pprint-fill
  - 22.4.6pprint-indent
  - 22.4.7pprint-logical-block
  - 22.4.8pprint-newline
  - 22.4.9pprint-pop
  - 22.4.10pprint-tab
  - 22.4.11print-object
  - 22.4.12print-unreadable-object
  - 22.4.13set-pprint-dispatch
  - 22.4.14write
  - 22.4.15write-to-string
  - 22.4.16*print-array*
  - 22.4.17*print-base*
  - 22.4.18*print-case*
  - 22.4.19*print-circle*
  - 22.4.20*print-escape*
  - 22.4.21*print-gensym*
  - 22.4.22*print-level*
  - 22.4.23*print-lines*
  - 22.4.24*print-miser-width*
  - 22.4.25*print-pprint-dispatch*
  - 22.4.26*print-pretty*
  - 22.4.27*print-readably*
  - 22.4.28*print-right-margin*
  - 22.4.29print-not-readable
  - 22.4.30print-not-readable-object
  - 22.4.31format
23Reader
- 23.1Reader Concepts
  - 23.1.1Dynamic Control of the Lisp Reader
  - 23.1.2Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
    - 23.1.2.1Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
  - 23.1.3Argument Conventions of Some Reader Functions
    - 23.1.3.1The EOF-ERROR-P argument
    - 23.1.3.2The RECURSIVE-P argument
- 23.2Reader Dictionary
  - 23.2.1readtable
  - 23.2.2copy-readtable
  - 23.2.3make-dispatch-macro-character
  - 23.2.4read
  - 23.2.5read-delimited-list
  - 23.2.6read-from-string
  - 23.2.7readtable-case
  - 23.2.8readtablep
  - 23.2.9set-dispatch-macro-character
  - 23.2.10set-macro-character
  - 23.2.11set-syntax-from-char
  - 23.2.12with-standard-io-syntax
  - 23.2.13*read-base*
  - 23.2.14*read-default-float-format*
  - 23.2.15*read-eval*
  - 23.2.16*read-suppress*
  - 23.2.17*readtable*
  - 23.2.18reader-error
24System Construction
- 24.1System Construction Concepts
  - 24.1.1Loading
  - 24.1.2Features
    - 24.1.2.1Feature Expressions
    - 24.1.2.2Examples of Feature Expressions
- 24.2System Construction Dictionary
  - 24.2.1compile-file
  - 24.2.2compile-file-pathname
  - 24.2.3load
  - 24.2.4with-compilation-unit
  - 24.2.5*features*
  - 24.2.6*compile-file-pathname*
  - 24.2.7*load-pathname*
  - 24.2.8*compile-print*
  - 24.2.9*load-print*
  - 24.2.10*modules*
  - 24.2.11provide
25Environment
- 25.1The External Environment
  - 25.1.1Top level loop
  - 25.1.2Debugging Utilities
  - 25.1.3Environment Inquiry
  - 25.1.4Time
    - 25.1.4.1Decoded Time
    - 25.1.4.2Universal Time
    - 25.1.4.3Internal Time
    - 25.1.4.4Seconds
- 25.2Environment Dictionary
  - 25.2.1decode-universal-time
  - 25.2.2encode-universal-time
  - 25.2.3get-universal-time
  - 25.2.4sleep
  - 25.2.5apropos
  - 25.2.6describe
  - 25.2.7describe-object
  - 25.2.8trace
  - 25.2.9step
  - 25.2.10time (Macro)
  - 25.2.11internal-time-units-per-second
  - 25.2.12get-internal-real-time
  - 25.2.13get-internal-run-time
  - 25.2.14disassemble
  - 25.2.15documentation
  - 25.2.16room
  - 25.2.17ed
  - 25.2.18inspect
  - 25.2.19dribble
  - 25.2.20-
  - 25.2.21+++
  - 25.2.22***
  - 25.2.23///
  - 25.2.24lisp-implementation-type
  - 25.2.25short-site-name
  - 25.2.26machine-instance
  - 25.2.27machine-type
  - 25.2.28machine-version
  - 25.2.29software-type
  - 25.2.30user-homedir-pathname
26Glossary (Glossary)
- 26.1Glossary
27Appendix
- 27.1Removed Language Features
  - 27.1.1Requirements for removed and deprecated features
  - 27.1.2Removed Types
  - 27.1.3Removed Operators
  - 27.1.4Removed Argument Conventions
  - 27.1.5Removed Variables
  - 27.1.6Removed Reader Syntax
  - 27.1.7Packages No Longer Required

Lexical Environments Introduction to Environments Environment Objects

The Null Lexical Environment

The null lexical environment is equivalent to the global environment.

Although in general the representation of an environment object is implementation-dependent, nil can be used in any situation where an environment object is called for in order to denote the null lexical environment.

Backlinks

Environment Objects, Introduction to Environments