Arguments and Values

Description

defpackage creates a package as specified and returns the package.

If defined-package-name already refers to an existing package, the name-to-package mapping for that name is not changed. If the new definition is at variance with the current state of that package, the consequences are undefined; an implementation might choose to modify the existing package to reflect the new definition. If defined-package-name is a symbol, its name is used.

The standard options are described below.

:nicknames

The arguments to :nicknames set the package’s nicknames to the supplied names.

:documentation

The argument to :documentation specifies a documentation string; it is attached as a documentation string to the package. At most one :documentation option can appear in a single defpackage form.

:use

The arguments to :use set the packages that the package named by package-name will inherit from. If :use is not supplied,

it defaults to the same implementation-dependent value as the :use argument to make-package.

:shadow

The arguments to :shadow, symbol-names, name symbols that are to be created in the package being defined. These symbols are added to the list of shadowing symbols effectively as if by shadow.

:shadowing-import-from

The symbols named by the argument symbol-names are found (involving a lookup as if by find-symbol) in the specified package-name. The resulting symbols are imported into the package being defined, and placed on the shadowing symbols list as if by shadowing-import. In no case are symbols created in any package other than the one being defined.

:import-from

The symbols named by the argument symbol-names are found in the package named by package-name and they are imported into the package being defined. In no case are symbols created in any package other than the one being defined.

:export

The symbols named by the argument symbol-names are found or created in the package being defined and exported. The :export option interacts with the :use option, since inherited symbols can be used rather than new ones created. The :export option interacts with the :import-from and :shadowing-import-from options, since imported symbols can be used rather than new ones created. If an argument to the :export option is accessible as an (inherited) internal symbol via use-package, that the symbol named by symbol-name is first imported into the package being defined, and is then exported from that package.

:intern

The symbols named by the argument symbol-names are found or created in the package being defined. The :intern option interacts with the :use option, since inherited symbols can be used rather than new ones created.

:size

The argument to the :size option declares the approximate number of symbols expected in the package. This is an efficiency hint only and might be ignored by an implementation.

The order in which the options appear in a defpackage form is irrelevant. The order in which they are executed is as follows:

1. :shadow and :shadowing-import-from.

2. :use.

3. :import-from and :intern.

4. :export.

Shadows are established first, since they might be necessary to block spurious name conflicts when the :use option is processed. The :use option is executed next so that :intern and :export options can refer to normally inherited symbols. The :export option is executed last so that it can refer to symbols created by any of the other options; in particular, shadowing symbols and imported symbols can be made external.

If a defpackage form appears as a top level form, all of the actions normally performed by this macro at load time must also be performed at compile time.

Examples

 (defpackage "MY-PACKAGE"
   (:nicknames "MYPKG" "MY-PKG")
   (:use "COMMON-LISP")
   (:shadow "CAR" "CDR")
   (:shadowing-import-from "VENDOR-COMMON-LISP"  "CONS")
   (:import-from "VENDOR-COMMON-LISP"  "GC")
   (:export "EQ" "CONS" "FROBOLA")
   )

 (defpackage my-package
   (:nicknames mypkg :MY-PKG)  ; remember Common Lisp conventions for case
   (:use common-lisp)          ; conversion on symbols
   (:shadow CAR :cdr #:cons)                              
   (:export "CONS")            ; this is the shadowed one.
   )

Affected By

Existing packages.

Exceptional Situations

If one of the supplied :nicknames already refers to an existing package, an error of type package-error is signaled.

An error of type program-error should be signaled if :size or :documentation appears more than once.

Since implementations might allow extended options an error of type program-error should be signaled if an option is present that is not actually supported in the host implementation.

The collection of symbol-name arguments given to the options :shadow, :intern, :import-from, and :shadowing-import-from must all be disjoint; additionally, the symbol-name arguments given to :export and :intern must be disjoint. Disjoint in this context is defined as no two of the symbol-names being string= with each other. If either condition is violated, an error of type program-error should be signaled.

For the :shadowing-import-from and :import-from options, a correctable error of type package-error is signaled if no symbol is accessible in the package named by package-name for one of the argument symbol-names.

Name conflict errors are handled by the underlying calls to make-package, use-package, import, and export. See Package Concepts.

See Also

documentation; (setf documentation), Package Concepts, Compilation

Notes

The :intern option is useful if an :import-from or a :shadowing-import-from option in a subsequent call to defpackage (for some other package) expects to find these symbols accessible but not necessarily external.

It is recommended that the entire package definition is put in a single place, and that all the package definitions of a program are in a single file. This file can be loaded before loading or compiling anything else that depends on those packages. Such a file can be read in the COMMON-LISP-USER package, avoiding any initial state issues.

defpackage cannot be used to create two "mutually recursive" packages, such as:

 (defpackage my-package
   (:use common-lisp your-package)    ;requires your-package to exist first
   (:export "MY-FUN"))                
 (defpackage your-package
   (:use common-lisp)
   (:import-from my-package "MY-FUN") ;requires my-package to exist first
   (:export "MY-FUN"))

However, nothing prevents the user from using the package-affecting functions such as use-package, import, and export to establish such links after a more standard use of defpackage.

The macroexpansion of defpackage could usefully canonicalize the names into strings, so that even if a source file has random symbols in the defpackage form, the compiled file would only contain strings.

Frequently additional implementation-dependent options take the form of a keyword standing by itself as an abbreviation for a list (keyword T); this syntax should be properly reported as an unrecognized option in implementations that do not support it.

Backlinks